The effect of inserting combined Rubidium- Cesium cation on performance of perovkite solar cell FAMAPb(IBr)3

Document Type : Full length research Paper

Authors

1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Ferdowsi Univercity of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

4 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, iran

Abstract

In this work, a combined cation of Cesium and Rubidium (RbCsI2) was injected to the main Perovskite solution. The main formulation of the cells was MA0.17FA0.83Pb (I0.83Br0.17)3, hence it contains“ MA” and “FA” cations and also “Br” and “I” anions, which are Halide. The Cesium-Rubidium iodide (RbCsI2) was added to the main solution of Perovskite, while in the control sample only cesium iodide (CsI) was added to the main solution. The two types of fabricated cells were compared according to the current-voltage characteristic (I-V), SEM and XRD tests. Regarding the current-voltage measurements, it was found that the cell efficiency of the cation containing Rubidium-Cesium is higher (0.4 percent) than that of the cell containing just Cesium. SEM images also showed that samples containing Rubidium-Cesium cation have fewer pinholes than Cesium cation on their surface layer. This lead to higher charge transfer and lower trapping of charge carriers, which ultimately increases the cell efficiency. The XRD patterns also show that the precipitate crystallization of the cation containing Rubidium-Cesium is higher than that of cesium cation, which also results in higher transfer rates and thus higher efficiency.

Keywords

References

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[2] I. Firozi, I. Mohammadi, Designing of nanoplasmonic solar cells based on excitation optical mods of inside the cell, Journal of research of particle systems ,15 (2017) 89-102.
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[6] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light                       Sensitizers for photovoltaic cells, J Am Chem Soc, 131 (2009)  6050–6051.
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[12] X. Li, D. Bi, C. Yi, J. D. Décoppet, J. Luo, S. M. Zakeeruddin, A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, A vacuum flash-assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells, Science,353 (2016) 58–62 .
 
[13] H. Choi, J. Jeong, H. B. Kim, S. Kim, B. Walker, G. H. Kim, G. Y. Kim, Cesium-doped methylammonium lead iodide perovskite light absorber for hybrid solar cells, Nano Energy,7 (2014) 80–85.
[14] J.W. Lee, D. H. Kim, H. S. Kim, S. W.  Seo, S. M. Cho, N. G. Park, Formamidinium and cesium hybridization for photo- and moisture-stable perovskite solar cell, AdV  Energy Mater,5 (2015) 1310.
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[18]F. Hao, C. C. Stoumpos, D. H. Cao,R. P. H. Chang, M. G. Kanatzidis, Perovskite photonic sources, Nat Photonics, 8 ( 2014) 489-494.

 [19] S. D. Stranks, G. E. Eperon, G. Grancini, C. Menelaou, M. J. Alcocer, T. Leijtens, L. M. Herz, A. Petrozza, H. J. Snaith, Electro-optics of perovskite solar cells, Science, 342 ( 2013) 341-344.

[20] Q. Dong, Y. Fang, Y. Shao, P. Mulligan, J. Qiu, L. Cao, J. Huang, Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths, Science, 347 (2015) 967-970.
[21] N.J. Jeon, J. Noh, W.S. Yang, Y.C. Kim, J. Soe, Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells, Nature, 517 (2015) 476–480.
[22] J.W.  Lee, J. Brabec, Formamidinium and cesium hybridization for photo- and moisture-stable perovskite solar cell, Adv Energy Mater, 5 (2015) 1501310.
 [23] M. Kulbak, D. Cahen, J. Hodes, How important is the organic part of lead halides, J Phys Chem Lett, 6 (2015) 2452-2456.
 
[24] C.K. Moller, Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocreystal in the Research, Nature, 182 (1958)1436-1436.
[25] Y. Bekenstein, B. A. Koscher, S. W. Eaton, P. Yang, A. P. Alivisatos,  Ultrathin Colloidal Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanowire,  J Am Chem Soc, 137 (2015) 16008-16011.

[26] N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, W. S. Yang, Y. C. Kim, S. Ryu, J. Seo, S. L. Seok, Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells, Nature, 517 (2015)  476-480.

[27] N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, W. S. Yang, Y. C. Kim, S. Ryu, J. Seo, S. L. Seok, Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells, Nature Material,  13 (2015) 897-903.

[28] H. Choi, J. Jeong, H. B. Kim, S. Kim, B. Walker, G. H. Kim, J. Y. Kim, Entropic stabilization of mixed A-cation ABX3 metal halide perovskites for high performance perovskite solar cells, Nano Energy, 7 (2014) 80-85.
[29] Z. Li, M. Yang, J. S. Park, S. H. Wei, J. J. Berry, K. Zhu, Stabilizing Perovskite Structures by Tuning Tolerance Factor: Formation of Formamidinium and Cesium Lead Iodide Solid-State Alloys, Chemistry of Materials, 28 (2016 ) 284-292.
                                                                                                        
[30] V. M. Goldschmidt, Goldshmidt tolerance factor, Die Nature wissenschaften, 14 (1926)477-485.
[31] H. L. Wells, S. Schunemann, S. Brittman, K. Chen, Z. Anorg, Halide Perovskite 3D Photonic Crystals for Distributed Feedback Lasers, Chem, 4 (2017) 2522-2528.
[32]D. B. Mitzi, K. Liang, Synthesis resistivity and thermal properties of the cubic perovskite NH2CH=NH2SnI3 and related systems, J Solid State Chem, 134 (1997) 376–381.
 
[33] G. Kieslich, S. J. Sun, A.K. Cheetham, Solid-state principles applied to organic-inorganic perovskites: New tricks for an old dog, Chem Science, 5 (2014) 4712–4715.
 
[34]F. Hao, C. C. Stoumpos, D. H. Cao, R. P. H. Chang, M. G. Kanatzidis, Lead-free solid-state organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells, Nature Photonics,8 (2014)  489–494.
 
[35] M. Saliba, T. Matsui, K. Domanski, J. I. YouanSeo, A. Ummadisingu, M. Gratzel, Incorporation of  Rubidium Cation Perovskite Solar Cells Improves Photovoltaic Performance, Science, 354 (2016) 206-209.
 [36] Z. Li, M. Yang, J. S. Park, S. H. Wei, J. J. Berry, K. Zhu, Stabilizing Perovskite Structures by Tuning Tolerance Factor: Formation of  Formamidinium and Cesium Lead Iodide Solid-State Alloys, Chemistry of Materials, 28 (2016) 284-292.

[37]C. Yi, J. Luo, S. Meloni, A. Boziki, N. Ashari-Astani, C. Gratzel, S. M. Zakeeruddin, U. Rothlisberger, M. Gratzel, Entropic stabilization of mixed A-cation ABX3 metal halide perovskites for high performance perovskite solar cells, Energy Environ Science, 9 ( 2016)  656-662.

[38]J. W. Lee, D. H. Kim, H. S. Kim, S. W. Seo, S. M. Cho, N. G. Park, Formamidinium and Cesium Hybridization for Photo‐and Moisture‐Stable Perovskite Solar Cell, Adv Energy Mater, 5 ( 2015) 255-265.
[39] S. Agarwal, P. R. Nair, Pinhole efficiency variation in perovskite solar cells, Applied physics, 22 (2017) 163104. doi.org/10.1063/1.4996315.
 [1] N. Memariyani, M. Omrani, M. Minbashi, Efficiency improvement of solar cell of heterogeneous silicone with gallium intrinsic layer, Journal of research of particle systems, 14 (2017) 103-112.
[2] I. Firozi, I. Mohammadi, Designing of nanoplasmonic solar cells based on excitation optical mods of inside the cell, Journal of research of particle systems ,15 (2017) 89-102.
[3] S. D. Stranks, G. E. Eperon, G. Grancini,  C. Menelaou, M. J. P. Alcocer, T. Leijtens , L. M. Herz,  A. Petrozza, H. J. Snaith, Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber, Science, 342 (2013) 342-341.
[4] H. Oga, A.Saeki, Y. Ogomi, S. Hayase, S. Seki, Improved  understanding of the electronic and energetic landscapes of perovskite solar cells: high local charge carrier mobility, reduced recombination, and extremely shallow traps, J Am  Chem, Soc, 136 (2014) 13818-13825.

 [5] J. Jeon, J.H. Noh, Y.C. Kim, W.S. Yang, S. Ryu, S. Seok, Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells, Nature Mater, 9 (2014) 897-903.

[6] A. Kojima, K. Teshima, Y. Shirai, T. Miyasaka, Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light                       Sensitizers for photovoltaic cells, J Am Chem Soc, 131 (2009)  6050–6051.
[7] J. H. Im, C. R. Lee, J. W. Lee, S. W. Park, N. G. Park, 6.5% Efficient Perovskite Quantum-     Dot-Sensitized Solar Cell, Nanoscale, 3 (2011) 4088-4093.
[8] H. S. Kim, C. R. Lee, J. H. Im, T. Moehl, A. Marchioro, S. J. Moon, R. B. Humphry, J. H. Yum, J. E. Moser, M. Grätzel, N. G. Park, Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solid-state submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%, Sci Rep, 2 (2012) 591-596.
[9] National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Best Research-Cell Efficiencies chart: www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg.
[10] N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, W.S. Yang, Y.C. Kim, S. Ryu, J.  Seo, S. L. Seok, Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells, Nature, 517 (2015) 476–480.
[11] M. Saliba, S. Orlandi, T. Matsui, S. Aghazada, M. Cavazzini, J. P.  Correa-Baena, P. Gao, R. Scopelliti, E. Mosconi, K. H. Dahmen, F. De Angelis, A. Abate, A. Hagfeldt, G. Pozzi, M. Graetzel,  A molecularly engineered hole-transporting material for efficient perovskite solar cells, Nature Energy,15017 (2016) 1.doi.org /10.1038/nenergy.2015.17
 
[12] X. Li, D. Bi, C. Yi, J. D. Décoppet, J. Luo, S. M. Zakeeruddin, A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, A vacuum flash-assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells, Science,353 (2016) 58–62 .
 
[13] H. Choi, J. Jeong, H. B. Kim, S. Kim, B. Walker, G. H. Kim, G. Y. Kim, Cesium-doped methylammonium lead iodide perovskite light absorber for hybrid solar cells, Nano Energy,7 (2014) 80–85.
[14] J.W. Lee, D. H. Kim, H. S. Kim, S. W.  Seo, S. M. Cho, N. G. Park, Formamidinium and cesium hybridization for photo- and moisture-stable perovskite solar cell, AdV  Energy Mater,5 (2015) 1310.
[15] C. Yi, J. Luo, S. Meloni, A. Boziki, N. Ashari-Astani, C. Grätzel, S. M. Zakeeruddin, U. Röthlisberger, M. Grätzel, Entropic stabilization of mixed A-cation ABX3 metal halide perovskites for high performance perovskite solar cells,  Energy Environ, Science, 9 (2016) 656–662. 
[16] Z. Li, M. Yang, J. S. Park, S. H. Wei, J. J. Berry ,K. Zhu,  Stabilizing perovskite structures by tuning tolerance factor: Formation of formamidinium and cesium lead iodide solid-state alloys, Chem Mater,28 (2016) 284–292. 
[17] M. Saliba, T. Matsui, J. Y. Seo, K. Domanski, J. P. Correa-Baena, M. K. Nazeeruddin,  S. M. Zakeeruddin, W. Tress, A.  Abate, A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: Improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency, Energy Environ,Science, 9 (2016) 1989–1997.

[18]F. Hao, C. C. Stoumpos, D. H. Cao,R. P. H. Chang, M. G. Kanatzidis, Perovskite photonic sources, Nat Photonics, 8 ( 2014) 489-494.

 [19] S. D. Stranks, G. E. Eperon, G. Grancini, C. Menelaou, M. J. Alcocer, T. Leijtens, L. M. Herz, A. Petrozza, H. J. Snaith, Electro-optics of perovskite solar cells, Science, 342 ( 2013) 341-344.

[20] Q. Dong, Y. Fang, Y. Shao, P. Mulligan, J. Qiu, L. Cao, J. Huang, Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths, Science, 347 (2015) 967-970.
[21] N.J. Jeon, J. Noh, W.S. Yang, Y.C. Kim, J. Soe, Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells, Nature, 517 (2015) 476–480.
[22] J.W.  Lee, J. Brabec, Formamidinium and cesium hybridization for photo- and moisture-stable perovskite solar cell, Adv Energy Mater, 5 (2015) 1501310.
 [23] M. Kulbak, D. Cahen, J. Hodes, How important is the organic part of lead halides, J Phys Chem Lett, 6 (2015) 2452-2456.
 
[24] C.K. Moller, Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocreystal in the Research, Nature, 182 (1958)1436-1436.
[25] Y. Bekenstein, B. A. Koscher, S. W. Eaton, P. Yang, A. P. Alivisatos,  Ultrathin Colloidal Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanowire,  J Am Chem Soc, 137 (2015) 16008-16011.

[26] N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, W. S. Yang, Y. C. Kim, S. Ryu, J. Seo, S. L. Seok, Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells, Nature, 517 (2015)  476-480.

[27] N. J. Jeon, J. H. Noh, W. S. Yang, Y. C. Kim, S. Ryu, J. Seo, S. L. Seok, Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells, Nature Material,  13 (2015) 897-903.

[28] H. Choi, J. Jeong, H. B. Kim, S. Kim, B. Walker, G. H. Kim, J. Y. Kim, Entropic stabilization of mixed A-cation ABX3 metal halide perovskites for high performance perovskite solar cells, Nano Energy, 7 (2014) 80-85.
[29] Z. Li, M. Yang, J. S. Park, S. H. Wei, J. J. Berry, K. Zhu, Stabilizing Perovskite Structures by Tuning Tolerance Factor: Formation of Formamidinium and Cesium Lead Iodide Solid-State Alloys, Chemistry of Materials, 28 (2016 ) 284-292.
                                                                                                        
[30] V. M. Goldschmidt, Goldshmidt tolerance factor, Die Nature wissenschaften, 14 (1926)477-485.
[31] H. L. Wells, S. Schunemann, S. Brittman, K. Chen, Z. Anorg, Halide Perovskite 3D Photonic Crystals for Distributed Feedback Lasers, Chem, 4 (2017) 2522-2528.
[32]D. B. Mitzi, K. Liang, Synthesis resistivity and thermal properties of the cubic perovskite NH2CH=NH2SnI3 and related systems, J Solid State Chem, 134 (1997) 376–381.
 
[33] G. Kieslich, S. J. Sun, A.K. Cheetham, Solid-state principles applied to organic-inorganic perovskites: New tricks for an old dog, Chem Science, 5 (2014) 4712–4715.
 
[34]F. Hao, C. C. Stoumpos, D. H. Cao, R. P. H. Chang, M. G. Kanatzidis, Lead-free solid-state organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells, Nature Photonics,8 (2014)  489–494.
 
[35] M. Saliba, T. Matsui, K. Domanski, J. I. YouanSeo, A. Ummadisingu, M. Gratzel, Incorporation of  Rubidium Cation Perovskite Solar Cells Improves Photovoltaic Performance, Science, 354 (2016) 206-209.
 [36] Z. Li, M. Yang, J. S. Park, S. H. Wei, J. J. Berry, K. Zhu, Stabilizing Perovskite Structures by Tuning Tolerance Factor: Formation of  Formamidinium and Cesium Lead Iodide Solid-State Alloys, Chemistry of Materials, 28 (2016) 284-292.

[37]C. Yi, J. Luo, S. Meloni, A. Boziki, N. Ashari-Astani, C. Gratzel, S. M. Zakeeruddin, U. Rothlisberger, M. Gratzel, Entropic stabilization of mixed A-cation ABX3 metal halide perovskites for high performance perovskite solar cells, Energy Environ Science, 9 ( 2016)  656-662.

[38]J. W. Lee, D. H. Kim, H. S. Kim, S. W. Seo, S. M. Cho, N. G. Park, Formamidinium and Cesium Hybridization for Photo‐and Moisture‐Stable Perovskite Solar Cell, Adv Energy Mater, 5 ( 2015) 255-265.
[39] S. Agarwal, P. R. Nair, Pinhole efficiency variation in perovskite solar cells, Applied physics, 22 (2017) 163104. doi.org/10.1063/1.4996315.
Journal of Research on Many-body Systems
Volume 8, Issue 19
March 2019
Pages 125-138

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History

  • Receive Date: 30 December 2017
  • Revise Date: 08 September 2018
  • Accept Date: 22 October 2018

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